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| Zoomorphic Ornaments |
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Chinese palaces, temples and mansions have on their roofs a special
kind of ornaments called wenshou or zoomorphic ornaments, some on
the main ridges and some on the sloping and branch ridges.
The monstrous thing at either end of the main ridge, called chiwen,
appears roughly like the tail of a fish. Fierce and formidable,
it looks as if it were ready to devour the whole ridge; so it
is also known as tunjishou or the ridge-devouring beast. It is,
according to Chinese mythology, one of the sons of the Dragon
King who rules the seas. It is said to be able to stir up waves
and change them into rains. So ancient Chinese put a chiwen at
either end of the main ridge for its magic powers to conjure up
a downpour to put out any fire that might break out. But for fear
that it might gobble up the ridge, they transfixed it on the roof
with a sword.
At the end of the sloping and branch ridges there are often a
string of smaller animals, their sizes and numbers being decided
by the status of the owner of the building in the feudal hierarchy.
The largest number of zoomorphic ornaments is found on the Taihedian
Throne Hall or the Hall of Supreme Harmony of the Forbidden City.
Leading the flock is a god riding a phoenix, after whom come a
dragon, a phoenix, a lion, a heavenly horse, a sea horse and five
other mythological animals, all called by unusual names. Qianqinggong
(the Palace of Heavenly Purity), which the emperor used as his
living quarters and his office for handling daily affairs, being
next in status to Taihedian, has a band of nine animal figures.
Still next in importance is Kunninggong (the Palace of Female
Tranquility), which served as the empress's apartments; it has
a group of seven zoomorphic figures. This number is further reduced
to five for the twelve halls in side courtyards, that used to
house the imperial concubines of different grades. Some of the
side halls have only one animal figure each on their roofs. These
small animals were also believed to be capable of putting out
fires. While this can be easily dismissed as superstition, they
do add to the grandeur and magnificence of the imperial buildings.
The earliest ridge animals so far discovered in the country came
to light in 1960 in a suburban area of Shashi, Hubei Province.
On the interior wall of a roll tile which served as the body of
a ridge animal figure was engraved "first year of Yuanguang,"
which means the year 134 B.C. It can be seen that installing animal
figures on roof-ridges has been an established practice for at
least 2,100 years.
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